CHAPTER 4: A NEW VIEW OF EARTH

Written by Mark Howitt

"The Earth does not belong to us; we belong to the Earth"

-Chief Seattle

I Am an Alien - Chapter 4: A New View of the Earth

As the years pass on through the days of our lives, our understanding of the earth and the known universe has seen some radical shifts. Our view of the earth is constantly changing as new discoveries are made, and we often see that what we originally believed to be fact and absolute science has at times been revised and downgraded to the status of theories. In this chapter, I have put forth many theories of my own based from observations I have made regarding the earth. While at this time they have yet to be proven, it at least provides some food for thought in regard to explaining many anomalies and questions we still have in relation to these matters.

With the advancement of new technologies and breakthrough discoveries that are made, we've come to the realization that things are not always as they seem, and sometimes they got it wrong in the past. New observations of our earth can now be understood better with tools such as Google Earth and satellite information which confirms the errors in theories and fictions of the past. Much of these now outdated beliefs were fought vehemently to protect despite the fact that we know now that they were false and inaccurate.

Paleo maps, or maps showing the world as it was geographically throughout time, were considered by professionals to be unsatisfactory until some point in the 1960's, when new sciences and discoveries were being made. Even today, as new discoveries are made, the viewpoints shift and there is much debate in relation to the developmental stages of the earth and its land masses. I believe that these paleo maps, although much better today than they were, are still in serious error. In fact, some of the notions that have been put forth by professionals are seemingly based on guesswork and estimates, hypothesis, theories and much less based on actual facts.

To demonstrate, in relation to the history of paleo map documentation, Wikipedia states the following: "It is now possible to construct maps that are probably fairly accurate for continental positions over several hundred million years. Before the Cambrian Period, it becomes much more difficult since there are fewer rock exposures preserved. The state of large regions of the Earth becomes unknowable in the distant past." 

The doubtfulness in this statement is revealed by the use of words such as "probably fairly accurate" and "unknowable in the distant past", revealing that our current perception of how the earth used to be is still based on theories and other peoples guesswork entirely. This is also apparent in the wide range of dates proposed by scholars in an attempt to accurately put together a timeline of things such as tectonic movements and continental drifting. What remains clear is that if we use these theories as a starting point and root basis to expand on, then the entire concept is bound to crumble like a game of Jenga, as the evolution of these concepts were built upon false preconceptions to begin with.

A more recent example of this can be seen in the whole mantle theory being turned upside down as a result of new discoveries, and as we continue on our journey of discovery we can expect to see more revisions being made in regard to our understanding of the history of the earth. In many cases, the truth was always in front of our eyes or we were looking in all the wrong places. We just had to come to the realization that what we originally believed to be true was in need of a serious update in order to paint an accurate picture of a new view of the earth.

THE TRADITIONAL VIEW OF EARTH

The fields and studies relating to the dating of our planet, including archaeological and geological excavations have only really surfaced and begun within the last 200 years. Our understanding of the geology of the earth really began in earnest in the late 1700's, with the work of the Scottish geologist James Hutton, a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and considered to be the "Father of Modern Geology".

Hutton was also involved in many other fields aside from geology, as he was also an experimental agriculturalist and naturalist, a physician, and was involved with the manufacturing of chemicals, essentially a true alchemist from the Royal society. His works, including the famed Theory of the Earth volumes, and his statements in 1785 in which he claimed that the earth was a living superorganism, and that its proper study should be actually physiology, later inspired the development of the Gaia Hypothesis by James Lovelock, in which he describes the earth as a living organism.

According to the current modern scientifically accepted age of the earth, it is 4.5 billion years old and its age is referred to using the concept of "deep time". The earth is approximately 25,000 miles around its equator and is composed of roughly one third land and two thirds water. Some scientists propose that the earths water is extraterrestrial in origin, having come from meteorites. The most common hypothesis as to how we got our moon is known as the giant-impact hypothesis, which states that a massive rogue planet or object crashed into the earth during the chaos in the early time of the creation of our solar system. Gravity eventually bound the fragments and pieces together, which formed our lunar satellite. Remember, this is according to the traditional scientifically accepted view, and my own ideas will be described in further detail so that a comparative analysis can be done and you may come to your own conclusions.

According to scientists, it is said that around 4 billion years ago, water vapor that was trapped within the earth's atmosphere caused years of torrential rainfall. This long period of rain fell for millions of years, thus creating an ocean that covered 90% of the planet's surface area. A literal water world, with the exclusion of Dennis Hopper and Kevin Costner, of course. This world ocean was rich in iron and would have appeared to be green in color to anyone observing it from the surface, from orbit or beyond. Then, approximately 3.5 billion years ago, volcanic activity at the depths of this green ocean began the process of the creation of the earth's continents and islands. Certain areas of the earth's surface under the ocean began to rise, forming mounds which then cooled, forming layers in which some eventually reached the surface of this great body of water.

Zircon crystals are the oldest known mineral found on earth, and are formed from uranium and contains traces of water. Zircon is used in dating sites because fission-tracks are preserved in certain minerals that contain small amounts of uranium. These tracks come from the spontaneous fission of 238U that is present in the mineral. Essentially, since land masses on the earth were made from volcanic activity, the crystals and glasses in volcanic rocks that cooled can be dated to give an approximate result of the time they were formed. Other rocks, minerals, and gems were also formed and some of the earths oldest granite can be found in South Africa, dating to about 3.5 billion years ago.

It is about half a billion years or so later, mainstream scientists say, that early life forms begin to self-produce on the earth. These early life forms are known as stromatolites, considered to be the earliest life forms known on the planet. It is claimed that these stromatolites began to create the earth's atmosphere, which took around 1 billion years and lasted until around 2 billion years ago. Many of these ancient stratolite beds can be found in the area of Shark Bay, in Australia, although these beds are not entirely exclusive to this area.

Then, between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago, oxygen filled the atmosphere which cleared the air of toxic gasses. It is during this time that the oceans begin to take on their current color, evolving into the blue planet as it can be viewed today. As evidence of this period of time, iron and mineral rich sediment can be found all over the earth. During this time, and to a degree even to this day, volcanic activity continues to shape land masses and form new islands as they reach the surface of the earth. Temperatures fluctuated and tectonic shifts occurred, leading to continental drifting and the coming of the many ice ages. The exact time frame of the first ice age is disputed, with guesstimates ranging from 2 billion years ago to around 700 million years ago, which is indeed a large gap of time.

It is around 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, that oxygen is expelled in larger quantities which created a cleaner atmosphere. This is said to have been a major contributing factor to the "Cambrian Explosion", or the quick emergence of more complex life forms and animal phyla that left behind mineralized skeletal remains. It is during this time that the main groups of animals enter the fossilized record. The Burgess Shale deposits in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia have left behind many fossilized specimens from this period of time. Many evolutionists claim that the Cambrian era is a pinnacle period of time, with the sudden emergence and advancement of complex life forms.

This takes us up to around 400-300 million years ago, where the earth's ozone shield developed, which further allowed earths living kingdom to develop during the Carboniferous period. Large trees and plants grew upon the earth, and from the decaying plant matter came deposits of coal, oil, and gas which were formed and have been extracted for centuries. These deposits are still being tapped into, which provides natural resources to the companies that dominate these industries. It is around 250 million years ago that massive volcanic eruptions blacked out the sun, causing the mass extinction of many early species. Several of these species survived however, adapting to the earth's changing atmosphere.

According to our history books, it is around 100 million years ago that dinosaurs roamed the earth. Diamond formations from carbon were also said to have been created during this period of time. Fossils of these dinosaurs that have been discovered have been dated from up to 250 million years ago, until around 65 million years ago. Then it seems that they vanish from the fossil record due to another calamity of earthen destruction.

It is believed that during this extinction, 70% of the species found on earth disappeared. For this reason, the stratigraphical layer of earth and rock from this time period of around 66-65 million years ago is referred to as the "Tombstone Layer". In more technical terms, it is referred to as the iridium layer, which includes the K-T boundary. K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous period, and T being the abbreviation for the Tertiary period. The K-T boundary is the layer found between these two periods, dating to around 65.5 million years ago, and provides evidence for the catastrophic extinction event in earth's history. This discovery was a key to unlocking the mysteries of asteroid impact activity on Earth.

This iridium layer dates back to 66 million years ago and is called this because of the high traces of iridium that were discovered in the clay layer from this time period. This discovery was made in 1980 in Gubbio, Italy, by a pair of father and son scientists. Physicist Luis Alvarez and his son Walter, a geologist, wrote a paper about what they found within this layer that marks the sudden extinction of the dinosaurs. It was in this layer they discovered high traces of iridium; an extremely rare element found within the earth's crust. Curiously, it was found to be 100 times higher in concentration within that particular 1 cm layer of clay, and is known to be abundant in meteorites, indicating an extraterrestrial high impact event. Using this discovery to search for clues, an impact crater was later discovered, substantiating their theory with further evidence. The impact crater is known as Chicxulub and was discovered in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.

It may very well be, that because iridium have been found at the K-Pg boundary in locations all over the world, that the high impact of the Chicxulub asteroid caused a supercontinent not yet described to break apart. Currently it seems as though this possibility has not yet been looked at, as the most recent supercontinent according to the scientific record is Gondwana, which is said to have broken apart during the Triassic period around 200 million years ago. Adding evidence to this possibility, is the fact that the Chicxulub crater is located on the edge of the continent, near its shoreline indicating that it was hit, and it is actually a piece that was broken off after the impact.

This would explain why the current position of Africa fits so well with South America. It's as if asteroid impacts alone are what caused the separation of these two continents, also separating the people that existed on those land masses at that time, with no long migration needed. I conclude it is a high probability and may explain how civilizations developed on their own separated by the Atlantic Ocean. After all, anything is possible when it seems probable and currently, scientists just don't have all the answers although it's just a matter of time before the truth of these matters come to be realized and accepted.

SUPERCONTINENTS

Many paleocontinents and supercontinents have existed in the distant past, going through several phases, formations and positions on the earth, allegedly caused from sequences of continental collisions and drifting. During these continental cycles, some merged with others to form new land masses, or drifted off to form new ones. The supercontinents that are currently described from the most recent to oldest are Gondwana, Laurasia, Pangaea, Pannotia, Rodinia, Columbia, Kenorland, Nena, Sclavia, Ur, and Vaalbara.

Ur, the second supercontinent, is said to have been at one point the only continent on the earth, dating back to around 3.1 billion years ago. Curiously, Ur has the same name as the ancient Sumerian city located in modern day Iraq, the birthplace of the biblical Abraham. Ur is considered by many to be one of the birthplaces of civilization and earliest described cities. The name Ur in this instance is said to come from the Germanic word "Ur", meaning "original". About 1.3 billion years ago, it is said that Ur joined the continents of Nena and Atlantica to form the supercontinent Rodinia. The name Rodinia is derived from the Russian Родить, meaning to give birth, or ródina which means the motherland or birthplace.

Approximately 1 billion years ago, during the Neoproterozoic period, Rodinia was assembled, eventually breaking apart around 750 million years ago. It is proposed by some that this Precambrian supercontinent was involved with the first ice age, preceded by an earlier supercontinent known as Columbia. Following the breakup of Rodinia, its continental fragments reassembled to form Pannotia, which is believed to have happened approximately 600 million years ago.

The most recent supercontinent, and the most commonly known is Pangaea, which was the first supercontinent to be reconstructed by geologists. It is believed that Pangaea began its assembly around 300 to 335 million years ago, which eventually started to break apart around 150-175 million years ago. At this time, it is believed that the moon was 3% closer to the earth than it is today. The name Pangaea, or Pangea, is derived from the Greek words "Pan", meaning whole, or entirety, and the word and name Gaia, for Mother Earth, or land and earth. Similar to the iridium deposits found continents apart, evidence for the Pangaea supercontinent can be found in the similarities of fossils discovered on land masses great distances apart.

It may very well be that Pangaea was the original or main supercontinent that broke apart after the Chicxulub asteroid hit the earth, sending our current continents adrift into their current positions, which continue to move even to this day. If you take a map and place all the continents together, Africa fits right into the area of the Chicxulub crater site in the area of Mexico and South America like a perfectly fitting puzzle piece. If this is indeed a proper and correct analysis of this event, then the dates put forth by scholars regarding supercontinents are in serious error. In fact, I have come to the conclusion that a simple observation of a modern world map seems to show that if you moved all of the continents and land masses together, their edges seem to fit together perfectly like pieces of a giant geographical puzzle.

There also exists on the earth what are classified as "submerged continents", which are large land masses that are completely or partially submerged under the oceans water. There are 2 such continents, known as the Kerguelen Plateau and Zealandia. The Kerguelen Plateau is not only a submerged continent, but it is also considered a microcontinent due to its smaller size in comparison to other continental land masses. It is the largest volcanic plateau found in the Southern Ocean. Located in the Southern region of the Indian Ocean, about 3000 km southwest from Australia, is the Kerguelen Plateau, which is an oceanic plateau and large igneous province about three times the size of Japan.

The other known submerged continent is Zealandia, sometimes referred to as Tasmantis, or the New Zealand continent, and is relatively closely in its proximity to the Kerguelen Plateau. New Zealand is part of Zealandia and is not completely submerged but is currently the world's largest microcontinent. It is commonly believed that Zealandia is a piece of continental crust that broke apart from Australia and sank between 60 and 85 million years ago, within the same time range of the Chicxulub asteroid collision.

It is believed that Zealandia, still attached to Australia, was originally part of Antarctica and the Gondwanan supercontinent, but then broke off from it between 85 and 130 million years ago. It is therefore quite possible that the Chicxulub event did much more damage to the earth than we originally thought, being responsible for the current positioning of the earth's land masses and continents.

There have also been many continents proposed to have existed throughout our earth's history, whose tales and legend have survived history up until modern times through myths and legends. These hypothesized continents are the notorious Atlantis, as well as the lesser-known Kumari, Kandam, Lemuria, Meropis, Mu, Hyperborea, and Terra Australis. Some have suggested that the submerged continents of Zealandia and the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern hemisphere may in fact be related to these legendary lost continents.

MY THEORY

Now that you have a good general idea of what the traditional view is relating to the dating of the earth and its geographical formation, it's time to get to the fun stuff. As I have previously outlined, the data relating to the human impact on the earth seems to indicate that humans have not been here as long as many have proposed, and there is much evidence to support an Atlantis type situation during the time when the Earth was a single land mass or island.

As will be shown, there is also much evidence to support the idea that it was actually asteroid and comet impacts that shattered the earth apart, creating some of the many notable features found on the face of the earth. These events would have surely disrupted any human civilizations in the area affected, and the bigger picture can come into view for a better understanding of these significant historical events. After studying asteroids and impact events, the gears in my mind began turning to an increased level due to the new questions that arose as a result of these revelations.

Just as with any deep study of materials, when you are trying to find an answer, it seems that even more anomalies and questions begin to reveal themselves to the researcher. This was no exception, and it led me into the realm of paleogeography and the history of geographical change on the earth. I dug out my old-world map, dusted it off and tacked it to my living room wall so I could get a good look at the planet's oceans and land formations as it currently exists. Immediately I noticed several new aspects that I had not took notice of before and saw the world in a new and refreshing light. It was a eureka moment to say the very least. If you have a world map available right now, perhaps we could walk through this together, as it gets pretty in depth but would allow for a literal picture to be formed in your mind as I describe my theory.

So here I was, staring at the world map, wondering if it at all could be possible that the largest bodies of water located on or near the land masses on the earth's surface, forming the various islands around continents and strange spherical seas, lakes, gulfs and bays, might be actually the result of impact craters themselves? I knew that many of these bodies of water had been described as being formed by glaciation and attributed to non-extraterrestrial in nature, but if you are like myself, it is best to not take everything at face value and look into these things yourself to come to your own conclusions.

I made a list of the largest and most obvious non-oceanic bodies of water found on the Earth, which formed a small list of 14 main locations. These bodies of water included the North American group which included the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Hudson and Baffin Bay, the Labrador Sea, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In Europe and Asia, it consisted of the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black and Baltic Seas, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, and the South China Sea. There was no need to make a list for South America or Africa, nor Australia because there are no significantly noticeable large bodies of water found on those continents.

The areas of the world that contain little to no large bodies of water are all located in the Southern Hemisphere, indicating almost conclusively that there have been far less impacts south of the Equator. A majority of the seas, lakes and large bodies of water are located north of the Equator. Magnetic North perhaps draws these astral bodies into the earth, which is why there is much more of what I refer to as “earth scarring" that is evident almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. At least this is the conclusion I have reached based off the apparent observation, and it does not mean that it has never happened in the past, it is just more evident in the northern hemisphere.

I wondered, could it be that these asteroid hits actually broke apart the original land mass that existed on the Earth? According to the paleo map, it was not until the Jurassic period when the original land mass began to break apart which escalated into the Cretaceous and Paleocene into the current continental separations. Then I noticed an anomaly in the upper corner of the map. The Bering Land Bridge, as it is often called. The gateway to the North, in which at one point in time one could walk from Russia over to North America using the frozen land formations as steppingstones, the method some scholars attribute to the first settlers in North America who were following the migratory route of the wooly mammoth.

The gears began to turn quicker as another important revelation and theory entered into my mind. It seemed as though I was looking at the evidence of not only continental drifting and islands moving apart, but an actual expansion or growth of the entire planet which could be the reason for this drifting and dispersion of these land masses. As against the traditionally taught explanation this theory might be, it seems as though the earth is in fact growing larger and causing the separation of land masses, resulting in the dispersion and scattering of continents and islands.

If this is true, then it could very well be that the earth itself was at one point in its beginnings a smaller, single, solid mass of land that has since grown and expanded, which would explain the dropping of sea levels over time.

ANGLES OF IMPACT

If you take a protractor and place it level on the equator of our world map, a majority of the lakes in the world that are located away from continental shorelines seem to be aligned to a 144-degree angle. The Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Athabasca which forms the shores of Uranium City, the general pattern and angles of the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, the Baltic Sea, the tip of the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Gulf of Bothnia, the Sea of Japan, and Lake Bikail to name a few, all seem to be facing a common angle of approximately 144 degrees north to north east. Due to the consistency of this visual evidence, I have since described this phenomenon as the “golden angle”. Could this all just be a coincidence, or does this golden angle have a greater significance in regard to these revelations?

We must recall that our earth is on the elliptic and is tilted on its axis at an angle of around 23.5 degrees. According to NASA's Earth Observatory, "Today, the Earth's axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from the plane of its orbit around the sun. But this tilt changes. During a cycle that averages about 40,000 years, the tilt of the axis varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees." This is known as the earth's wobble. The golden angle of the lakes mentioned previously all seem to be angled to the near precise tilt of the earth's axis of 23.5 degrees. Could this be chance? 144 degrees also correlates with the Earths tilt of 23.5 degrees. Could ancient impacts be the cause of this tilt? I believe so.

Canada is a key region for impacts, with seemingly minimal to no impacts occurring in the west region of the country. The evidence of impacts remains to the middle region and more specifically, the eastern parts of Ontario and Quebec to the Eastern Coast. Since our angles of curiosity are 144 degrees, translated to a compass reading of the northern hemisphere to north-north-east and 23.5 degrees for the southern hemisphere, with a compass reading of south-south-west, if these astral bodies are entering the earth's atmosphere then it would make perfect sense that they are entering in the north-north-east section, and would be touching down on the north-north-east area of the map at an angle of 144 degrees.

This is likely why we find a majority of these impact zones to the north and eastern regions, and not so much in the west or the south. This is due to the curve of the earth, essentially protecting the areas to the west and to the south from being hit. This leads me to conclude that this is the reason why we see minimal impacts forming bodies of water in the southern hemisphere of the world. This would also explain why there is a lack of this evidence to the west of North America and especially on the continent of South America.

These regions seem to be within safer zones, seeing much less evidence of impact events although this is not to say that they have not got hit in the past. A crater that is 650 feet deep that was left by a meteorite can be found in Soshanguve, South Africa, at the Tswaing Meteorite Crater Reserve. Tswaing means "place of salt" in the local Setswane language, and the area is known for its salt and soda ash producing factories. There is also Lake Bosumtwi in Ashanti, Ghana, which is a near circular crater that has been studied by climate change scientists due to its water source being pure, and not connecting to other bodies of water. The sediment is well preserved and offers a great deal of information about the history of the area.

Another pattern is that a lot of the impacts in Eastern Canada occur within the 450-to-200-million-year time range, with wide spans of proposed possible times. Another series of impacts seems to occur around the 50 million years ago mark, although much of these time frames are estimates. It really does seem that the majority are unsure about the specific timing of these events. There are huge amounts of estimated time between dates, and this leads me to conclude that perhaps they really don't want us to know about any of this stuff. Connections are not made to piece together our true history in order to fragment everything, so it becomes harder to piece it all together again.

If all of our current understanding is based on false facts, then all subsequent research is essentially false as well. There are so many mysteries in the world, seemingly intentionally put there for us to discover when the time is right, or when collectively we come together to agree on what is the actual truth. For example, if one is to say that the cat he saw was white, when in fact it was black, and all we have to go by is that single source or opinion, then we have based our entire subsequent research into these things off of a misconception. If we had known all along that the cat was black, things would therefore make much more sense to us, but according to our current status, things just do not make sense to us in most of these instances, remaining as estimates with large timeline gaps.

This is likely the direct evidence of what I have just explained, and that is our belief and perceptions of certain materials are based upon wrong data, which is why we are so confused today and there exists such wide gaps in estimated dates of sites and time periods. As a result, we are left with a huge list of learned and inherited misconceptions.

THE H2O ENIGMA

It has been proposed by some scientists that water itself was not on the Earth initially, and was the result of extraterrestrial involvement, being brought to the Earth by cosmic bodies. Could it be that not only did these asteroids collide with the earth, causing fragmentation of the planet, but also brought water and ice which in turn melted, causing floods and the further dispersion of the shattered fragments of the original land mass that comprised the entire planet?

According to the paleogeographic map known as the Paleo Map, which was produced by Christopher R. Scotese and Jan Golonka from the Department of Geology at the University of Texas at Arlington, the opposite occurred, and water was always on the planet, whereas during the Cambrian period of about 547 million years ago, the earth had a few small continental land masses, and the majority of the planet was covered in water.

The big question is therefore, was water always on the earth, or was it brought here from space at some point? Also, life forms were likely brought to the Earth from the same origin, rather than evolving on the planet in the same way that water was likely brought to the planet, and likewise human beings. These aspects are discussed in further detail in other chapters of the book, however it seems as though the intelligent design that makes up the systems that govern our planet could not have been accomplished through chance. It is the direct result of intelligent design that follows specific rules.

Getting back to our 14 bodies of water, many of these are said to have been formed from natural causes such as glaciation. However, with a quick look into things, I discovered that a majority of them had evidence of impacts in or near those bodies of water. Traditionally, this explanation has not been accepted as the reasoning for their formations, however. Often, only circular shaped bodies of water are considered to be evidence of impact zones, yet it is obvious that no two impact craters would ever look the same.

To add to this, the angle of entry of an asteroid would also cause a variation in the shape and damage done upon connecting with the surface of the earth. If the astral body were to land in water, it would lead to tsunamis relevant to the size and speed of the asteroid. If on land, it could burrow straight into the surface, skim and scrape on an angle, collapsing all debris and materials on top of the burrowed tunnel the asteroid would create.

If in a desert, it may be absorbed and be a single hit, creating mass dust clouds. If it were to land on ice, it could bounce off if land was underneath or be lost to the ocean and sink to the bottom. Likewise, if it were to land on ice it would cause a mass amount of frozen liquid to be ejected, causing the debris to spread out, eventually melting and forming additional smaller bodies of water wherever it landed. There are many variables to consider is the point, and it also proves that not all asteroid impact sites are circular and need to follow a specific pigeon-holed criterion.

Each impact is unique in relation to several of these factors, something which is key to unlocking some of these mysteries. In my search for evidence to support this theory, I did find some interesting cases in relation to nearly every single one of the bodies of water I randomly selected based off the criteria that they had to be of sufficient size and be a significant body of water relative to world view. Due to the abundance of lakes and seas, and the history of asteroid impacts in the area we will begin with a look into North America.

SUDBURY BASIN

The largest known currently accepted impact crater on the earth is the Vredefort crater in Africa, also known as the Vredefort Dome, has a radius estimated to be around 118 miles, or 190 kilometers. In 2005, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The second largest known impact crater on the earth exists in the city of Sudbury, a Canadian town in Northern Ontario. This crater is known as the Sudbury Basin, or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive. The Nickel City, as it's been dubbed, has the world's second largest nickel mine and there is evidence that Sudbury is one of the only places on the earth, if not the only place, to have been hit by more than one space rock in the same region on multiple occasions in the past.

A massive comet created the Sudbury Basin, and fragments of it have been discovered as far away as Minnesota, landing about 1200 km or 750 miles away. In the same general area, a large meteor created Lake Wanapitei, which is located just 40 km northeast of the center of Sudbury. It is rare enough to have one impact crater in an area, let alone two sizeable impact sites. Sudbury is also located very close to the Great Lakes, and it seems like Ontario was once a hot spot for landing zones and glacial activity.

Following the Sudbury impact, the crater began to fill with magma which contained high amounts of nickel, gold, copper, palladium, platinum, and many other precious metals. Shatter cones in the area are evidence of the comet impact. Because the soil in the surrounding areas is rich in minerals, it has some of the best agricultural land in Northern Ontario. Vast concentrations of nickel and copper ore were discovered after blasting was done during railway construction at the Murray Mine, which led to the establishment of a large mining settlement in the area in 1883.

Not only has Sudbury been a hot spot for mining operations, but also the city has played a key role into scientific research. The tourist attractions at Science North and Dynamic Earth are both located in Sudbury, and during the 1970's, NASA trained their astronauts there in order to simulate the rocky terrain found on the moon other planets. Mining operations take place in the Sudbury Basin, an area that is 39 miles long and 19 miles wide and going as deep as 10 miles under the earth's surface.

There also exists many underground highways and tunnel systems underneath Sudbury and the surrounding areas, including the “Snow Lab” facility, the second largest underground science facility in the world. SNOLAB is the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, located 2 kilometers, or 2100 meters underground, and houses a neutrino observatory which was located in Vale's Creighton Mine. Famous scientists like Stephen Hawking visiting these facilities due to their scientific importance to breaking research.

In relation to the Sudbury comet impact, Balz Kamber, the Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the School of Natural Sciences at Trinity, said "Our findings provide further evidence that some very large terrestrial impact basins were created by comets, which is important and interesting in the context of the early bombardment of our inner Solar System – it might well be that comets were responsible for bringing volatile elements to the young Earth." It should also be noted that Sudbury, as well as the regions that surround the area, contains the greatest number of lakes in the entire world. Thousands of lakes are located within these cities ranges. This specific region is located just north of the famous Muskoka cottage country, in where a numerous amount and majority of the freshwater lakes in Ontario exist.

Nearing Sudbury is another important location, the city of Parry Sound, which is known as the "Gateway to the Thirty Thousand Islands". Parry Sound is bordered by Sudbury and Nipissing to the north, Muskoka to the south and east, and the famous Georgian Bay on the west. Could it be that the uniquely vast number of lakes located in this area of Ontario were actually formed due to impacts, which in turn brought ice that melted, forming the holes and lakes we see in this specific geographic location? It is to my belief that this area holds many undiscovered secrets and is a key to understanding our planets ancient past, specifically in regard to the patterns of meteor and asteroid activity that are located in this select region on the earth.

The largest lake in the world completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei, located in the Greater City of Sudbury. I used to live in the small town of Markstay, which is not far from Wahnapitae, located just 40 kilometers northeast of Sudbury. The lake is the confirmed site of a meteorite crater, which is 5.2 miles or 8.4 kilometers in diameter. This crater is aged to be between 37 to 1.2 million years old, formed at some point during the Eocene period.

The name is derived from the Ojibwa word "waanabidebiing", meaning "concave-tooth (shaped) water", essentially describing the shape of the lake itself. It is rather strange that the Ojibwa knew that the shape of the lake resembled that of a tooth, because it just takes a simple glance at satellite or aerial photographs to see the truth of this observation. How the Ojibwa knew this, without the aid of flight technology, is truly stunning. Perhaps the star children were more aware of the ancient secrets of this area well before modern scientists, as we still don't even have all the facts straight in regard to this unique location of the world.

Another impact site near Sudbury and the Great Lakes is located in the Township of Deacon, in the South Nipissing District north of Cedar Lake, in northern Algonquin Park. This crater is known as the Brent crater and is 3.8 kilometers, or 2.4 miles in diameter, and currently dated to the Ordovician period. This location seems to add proof to my theory that the area of Northern Ontario is key to an ancient astrological event at some point in our past.

The Archaeological and Historic Sites Board and Archives of Ontario erected a sign at the site that reads: "The Brent Crater: First recognized in 1951 from aerial photographs, the crater is a circular depression about two miles in diameter formed in Precambrian crystalline rocks. Geophysical and diamond drilling investigations show that the crater has a present depth of about 1,400 feet but is partly filled with sedimentary rocks with a thickness of 900 feet. The rocks beneath the crater floor are thoroughly fragmented over a depth of 2,000 feet. Like the similar New Quebec (Chubb) crater, the Brent crater is attributed to the high-speed impact of a giant meteorite. It is calculated that the impact released energy equaling 250 megatons of TNT and occurred about 450 million years ago when this area was probably covered by a shallow sea".

THE GREAT LAKES

The generally accepted theory of how the Great Lakes were formed describes periods of glacial melting in the North American interior, which caused a shift in currents and movement of ice and debris. However, if there were to be a re-evaluation of the earlier research efforts that were proposed, we may come to a new conclusion. This re-evaluation, although changing the current world view and our understanding of geographical history, would allow for more precise radiocarbon dating and lead to new discoveries of sites and locations that could be further studied to better our understanding of what actually happened in the past, and how the Earth came to be where it is today.

Could it be, that the Great Lakes were actually formed by fragments of a massive comet event, which formed a multitude of impact sites and lakes as they collided with and carved up the Earth, with meltwaters from the subsequent glacial activity filling them in? Could it be, that the second largest impact site on the Earth just a couple hundred kilometers north of the Great Lakes region is also a link to this mystery? Along the eastern seaboard is a vast number of bays and coves that seem to be consistent with signs of impact craters. The patterns here seem to display an angle of entry which if the Great Lakes were the result of an impact, the debris ejected would have caused many additional coves, bays, and smaller craters in a speckling effect.

The comet that hit Sudbury, Lake Wanapitei, and the possibility of Great Lake impacts are a sign that the area around Ontario was once a hot spot, and could hold some additional information if investigated further. With just a simple look at our world map, we can see that the Great Lakes fit perfectly with this scenario, with the large impact site being located in Sudbury. The debris and splash down of this event could have carved and melted everything in this area, eventually forming the Great Lakes.

Douglas J. Kennet, the Department Head and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oregon, seems to have some ideas in relation to this. He proposes that a large extraterrestrial object broke apart above or upon impact as it collided into the Laurentide Ice Sheet to the area north of the Great Lakes near Sudbury. He states that the "Highest concentrations of extraterrestrial impact materials occur in the Great Lakes area and spread out from there...It would have had major effects on humans. Immediate effects would have been in the North and East, producing shockwaves, heat, flooding, wildfires, and a reduction and fragmentation of the human population".

The results of these studies show that the ingredients of the carbon rich layer, including iridium, metallic micro spherules, fullerenes, carbon spherules, charcoal and soot, were also found in soils around the world dating back to the extinction of the dinosaurs within the K-T Boundary, about 66 million years ago. Are we in fact talking about the same events, and the dating that was done when techniques were not yet mastered are actually miscalculations?

According to those that oppose this theory, there is no crater to prove that an impact happened leading to the formation of the Great Lakes. However, it has been argued by some researchers that if the strike were to have happened above or on top of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, then it could have absorbed the impact and essentially bounced or shattered on impact, especially since it has been proposed the impact was less forceful than the K-T event itself. According to Kennett, 35 animal genera became extinct near the end of the Pleistocene period, with at least 15 of these quite obviously being wiped out near the time frame of about 12,900 years ago.

This is a key time frame which will be analyzed in further detail. Kennet believes that there is evidence of the Clovis people of that time having survived the event in refuge, especially evidenced in the western United States, away from the north-eastern danger zone. There would have been ecological shifts that would have caused the Clovis people to have fled the area in isolated groups in order to seek warmer climates and food sources. Kennet says, "This was a massive continental scale, if not global, event".

Lake Ontario, one of the bodies that make up the Great Lakes, contains a crater in the bottom of it which is known as the Charity Shoal crater. As with many sites, it is argued over when it was formed, with most claiming it impacted during the Middle Ordovician period. The Charity Shoal Crater is approximately 1.5 miles in diameter, less than a mile, and is a circular feature submerged at the northeast end of the lake, fitting perfectly with my angular theory. It is located about 12 kilometers, or 7.5 miles from Wolfe Island, about 25 kilometers or 16 miles south of Kingston, Ontario.

About half an hour north of Kingston lies the Holleford Crater in Hartington, Ontario. The farm located at the site was the childhood home of Jack Babcock, the longest living first World War veteran, born on July 23rd, 1900. Babcock passed away on February 18th, 2010, living until he was 110 years old.

There is a plaque at this historic site that reads: "A meteorite travelling 55,000 kilometers per hour smashed into the earth here eons ago, blasting a hole 244 meters deep and 2.5 kilometers wide. Aerial photographs revealed the crater in 1955, and since then scientists have pieced together much of its geological history. Analyses of drill samples suggest that the meteorite struck in the late Precambrian or early Cambrian period (between 450 and 650 million years ago). At first the depression filled with water becoming a circular lake. Later Paleozoic seas swept in sediments filling the crater to its present depth of about 30 meters. The explosive impact of the meteorite (estimated to have been only 90 meters in diameter) is still evident in the hundreds of meters of shattered rock that drilling has detected beneath the original crater floor." - It is 2.35 kilometers (1.5 mi) in diameter, and the age is estimated to be 550 ± 100 million years (Ediacaran or Cambrian)".

There has been research done on possible impact sites near Lake Michigan in which some results have surfaced, including aquifers under the area of Michigan. Several meteors are known to have fallen down in Michigan including Iron River, Allegan, Coleman, Grand Rapids, Kalkaska, Reed and Rose cities, Seneca Township, Southern Michigan and Worden. There is also a known impact crater located conveniently on the shore of Lake Michigan, known as the Calvin Impact Crater. The Calvin Crater was discovered in 1987 by Randall Milstein of the Michigan Geological Survey, which was located in the Township of Calvin, in Cass County. The craters diameter is about 5 miles, or 8.5 km, and lies below ground level at a varied depth of between 100 to 400 feet.

HUDSON BAY

Located directly above the Great Lakes is the massive Hudson Bay, which is linked to the large bodies of the Foxe Basin and the Hudson Strait, which is also linked to the Davis Strait along with the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay to each of its sides.

These regions are quite large and from satellite images, or even with a naked eye reference to a world map, it seems as though a massive collision may have struck the earth in the area of the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, which in turn broke off a large piece of land known as the island country of modern day Greenland. It also seems evident that another impact occurred forming the Hudson Bay and its associated bodies of water. Some have proposed that more than a single meteor struck Hudson Bay, creating the various arcs and circular shapes of its shorelines.

Carlyle Smith Beals was a Canadian astronomer and member of the Order of Canada, as well as a fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was made Dominion Astronomer in Ottawa in 1946, and studied Canadian meteorite craters. The crater on the moon known as Beals, and the asteroid 3314 Beals are both named in his honor. In particular, Beals studied the Nastapoka Arc, also referred to as the Eastern Hudson Bay Arc, located in the region of the Belcher Islands.

Beals compiled geological and topographical evidence noting that the 300-mile diameter arc is nearly circular, whose shoreline differs greatly than that of other regions in the Hudson Bay area. Hills rising hundreds of feet from its shore are notably higher than the surrounding shield. Noting the scarcity of similar impact shapes in relation to the Moon and Mars found on the earth, he was fascinated by the remarkable curvature of the Nastapoka shoreline and proposed that it was part of an extraterrestrial impact structure in comparison to the size of Mare Crisium on the Moon.

Supporting the work of Beals, Ian Halliday noted that to produce a crater that is 300 miles in diameter, the meteorite would have had to of been 21 miles in diameter, having a volume of 4000 cubic miles. Halliday compared the Hudson arc as comparable in size to those found on the Moon and Mars and explained that the depth of the crater would be up to 30,000 feet due to the depression of the earth falling under the weight of sediments.

There is geological evidence that the arc is connected with a basin that is nearly 30,000 feet deep, filled in with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, including interbedded volcanics. Around this boundary, the strata dips toward its center. Adding to the mystery of the area, there is a large region in Hudson Bay which has below-average gravity, an anomaly which is expanded upon in more detail within other chapters of this book.

In 1962, holes were drilled on Neilson Island to get core samples which according to the results lacked the evidence of shock metamorphism associated with impact craters. However, according to John H. Hodgson in his book “A History of the Dominion Observatories Part 2”, the results are in dispute because one hole, and perhaps even more, were not regarded as sufficient enough to prove that it was not of meteoric origin. It has been proposed by some that the area of Hudson Bay, or perhaps as I have noted earlier the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay area, may be the site of a massive meteor even larger than 21 kilometers in diameter.

These observations propose that the impact broke apart and fragmented downward, nearly following the line of our 144 degree constant, with the largest pieces breaking off into a more southeastern direction to the Great Lakes below it. As the body impacted the Earth, it broke apart massive fragments of ice and rock, ejecting it and spreading out southwardly where these massive but smaller fragments of the shattered ice cap ended up spread out to the south.

This debris would have spread out over vast distances due to the force of the impact and may have been responsible for the formation of the famous Carolina Bays, which are long shallow elliptical structures that exist in the Carolinas and are similar to those found at the Norfolk Meres in England, as well as the Lunettes in Australia. It was not dust that was brought up, but rather ice and rock, melting away and forming various notable land formations and bodies of water.

LAKE AGASSIZ

At one time, Lake Agassiz was considered to be the largest lake on earth. It was named after Louis Agassiz, and located south west of Hudson Bay, spanning the several provinces and states in Canada and the U.S, most notably in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It is believed that it has since drained out, and the remnants of Lake Agassiz forms the second largest watershed on Earth, known as the Lake Winnipeg Watershed.

Lake Winnipeg is also the 10th largest freshwater lake in the world, and the 3rd largest hydroelectric reservoir on the planet. Other smaller bodies of water remain as a testament to the sheer size of the lake, and were originally merged with the massive Lake Agassiz. These lakes include Lake Winnipeg, Lake St. Martin, Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Manitoba, Cedar Lake, Lake of the Woods, and many other smaller bodies of water.

It has been suggested that the impact that hit Hudson Bay caused the draining and lowering of the water levels in Lake Agassiz, which would have caused massive flooding as well as ecosystem and climate changes. It is believed that this drainage took place between 10,000 to 8000 years ago, and indeed we see a climate event which has been documented at around 8200 years ago. During this time, we also see a freshwater release into the Arctic Ocean, which may be linked to this event.

In 2007, a study was done by Christian S.M. Turney, Professor of Climate Change and Earth Sciences at the University of New South Wales, along with Heidi Brown from the Australian School of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Wollongong. This study linked the drainage of Lake Agassiz to 8500 years ago, when a rise in agricultural expansion occurred all across Europe. Turney suggested that this expansion may account for all of the flood stories told through prehistoric cultures, including the flood narrative found in the bible.

Just as we see with a numerous amount of these impact sites, magnetic and gravity anomalies exist in this specific region, which has been documented near a lake known as the West Hawk Lake Impact Crater. It is a small simplistic crater, located in Whiteshell Provincial Park, about 100 kilometers east of Winnipeg in Manitoba. The crater is about 2.5 kilometers in diameter and is 110 meters deep. The ground magnetic lows have been recorded at about 250 nanotesla and are similar to those found at the Brent and Wanapitei sites.

Another meteorite crater in the area is known as the St. Martin Crater, located directly north of Lake St. Martin, between the larger Lake Winnipeg to the east, and Lake Manitoba located to its west. Once again, the multitude of these sites seems to indicate that the northern regions of Canada may hold secrets to our forgotten history, and the numerous aboriginal peoples in these areas were deeply connected to these ancient events.

EASTERN CANADIAN SITES

Now that we have taken a look at some regions in Ontario and the northern areas of Canada, there is also much activity to be found in the eastern regions of Quebec and the Maritimes on the east coast, all the way up to Nunavut. These bodies of water include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the Ungava Peninsula, and the Labrador Sea, among many other locations which could be connected.

Perhaps the most mysterious and majestic impact crater in these areas was called the "Crystal Eye of Nunavik" by the Inuit people, and is relatively unknown to the outside world. It is now referred to as the Pingualuit crater. The crater itself is 2.14 miles, or 3.44 kilometers in diameter, and is estimated to be a younger impact, dating to the Pleistocene at around 1.4-0.1 million years ago. The depth of the crater is 1300 feet deep, and the rim of the crater rises 520 feet above the surrounding tundra area. The lake contained within is one of the deepest lakes found in North America. Enrichments containing iron, nickel, cobalt, and chromium found in the impact melt samples have led researchers to believe that the meteorite that impacted this location was chondritic.

Pingualuit crater used to be called the Chubb Crater and later changed at the request of the Quebec Geographic Board to the Cratère du Nouveau-Québec, or New Québec Crater, in 1954. Perhaps in an attempt to link the site back to its original inhabitants, as opposed to the French who conquered the land afterwards, it was later renamed to the Pingualuit crater. Seemingly as a derogatory insult to the Inuit people of the area that originally named it, the updated word Pingualuit means "pimple" in their language. The location of the crater, as well as the surrounding area is now part of the Pimple National Park, according to the root of the word. This lake filled crater contains some of the purest fresh water found in the world, containing a salinity level of less than 3 ppm. It is because of the crystal-clear water that the Inuit gave it the original name of the Crystal Eye of Nunavik.

The area became of interest during World War II when pilots flew over the landmark, eventually using it as a navigational tool because of its easily distinguishable features. During a meteorological flight on the 20th of June 1943, a United States Army Air Force plane photographed the crater rim that rose above the tundra. There seems to be more than meets the eye here, as it took the Royal Canadian Air Force another five years to rephotograph the area during a photomapping program. The images taken by the RCAF were not made publicly available until 1950, even though the area was of interest to the U.S. Air Force as early as 1943, during the height of WWII.

The Crystal Eye is known to have magnetic anomalies under the northern rim of the crater, indicating that a large mass of metal-bearing material was underneath the surface. Something from space hit the earth and buried itself within, and once it was discovered, became of great interest to the military and other notable establishments.

It may come as no surprise then that the area would also be mined and excavated, and after viewing photographs of the strange area, diamond prospector Frederick W. Chubb, in whom the crater was named after, took interest in 1950. After studies began at the crater site, Chubb allied with geologist V. Ben Meen from the Royal Ontario Museum. After scouting the area, Meen sought the cooperation of not only the Royal Ontario Museum, but also from the National Geographic Society in order to fully explore the site. In 1951, using a PBY Catalina flying boat, they landed on the area called Museum Lake, a name given by Chubb in relation to the museum's involvement.

The team searched for traces of nickel and iron left behind from the meteorite using equipment that was loaned to them by the United States Army, indicating military involvement in the expedition. According to their reports, they were unsuccessful in finding anything because of the high levels of magnetite contained in the area's granite. Perhaps something was found, and it was simply kept top-secret by the military or on orders from the crown through the Royal Museum in Toronto, Ontario. A second expedition was subsequently led by Meen and the museum in 1954.

The Canadian province of Québec has had numerous impact events, and the evidence of these can be seen all over its landscape in the form of numerous lakes and circular depressions. Two large meteorites slammed into the earth approximately 290 million years ago, forming the Clearwater Lakes, or Lac à l’Eau Claire in Québec. Lac Couture, an impact crater 5 miles wide, is noted as the last lake to freeze up during the winter season, despite being located within the cold Canadian tundra region. This is due to the depth of the lake, which is nearly 500 feet deep as a result of the intense impact that pierced the earth.

Also in Québec is Lake Manicouagan, the ring-shaped lake found in northern Québec, which remains one of the largest and most well-preserved impact craters found on the earth. It is currently a reservoir and provides habitat for a number of Atlantic salmon. It is believed by some scientists that the rock that made Lake Manicouagan was approximately 5 miles in diameter and may be linked to the mass Triassic extinction event that shows up in the record about 212 million years ago.

GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE

The Gulf of St. Lawrence itself seems to resemble a large impact site, and it could be possible that Newfoundland, the provincial island to the east, may have broken apart from the main body of the continent in the past due to a major impact event. This impact would have been much smaller than the one that hit the Labrador Sea, separating Greenland from it's original location as part of the North American continent. It could be that multiple impacts along the area of the Davis Strait caused the separation of Greenland, with the largest of these touching down to form Baffin Bay.

Another notable crater in Québec is known as the Corossol Structure, which is a circular crater with a diameter of 2.7 by 2.4 miles, or 4.3 by 3.9 kilometers. Its age has yet to be determined but has been hypothesized to be from the pre-Pleistocene period. It is an exposed underwater bedrock feature located in the northwestern area of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 12 miles, or 20 kilometers offshore from the city of Sept-Île's, or seven Islands in Québec. Its depth ranges from between 683 to 131 feet, marking its final destination on the earth.

It has been proposed that this impact occurred near the start of the Younger Dryas episode and helped trigger the cooling episode described during that part of history, making it a part of the Younger Dryas Impact theory. Dr. Joseph Ortiz, professor of geology at Kent State University, has co-authored publications about the rare multi-ringed impact structure in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Graham Hancock has also authored many books pertaining to the Younger Dryas episode, which are highly recommended.

Another confirmed impact site that is located on the east coast of Canada is known as the Bloody Creek Crater in Nova Scotia. There exists much evidence showing signs of shock metamorphism, indicating that this site is an impact crater. This crater could have been formed as the result of an extraterrestrial hypervelocity impact, with some believing that the anomalous morphometry of the impact site may have occurred as the object hit glacial ice. This would have caused the dissipation of the energy into the ice, which resulted in the shallow depth of the crater.

Elliptical morphology lends strong evidence that this formation was the result of an oblique impact. The age of the Bloody Creek crater has yet to be determined, however many researchers believe it to be a younger crater formation due to the lack of erosion and the overall preservation of the site. It seems that a similar rate of accumulation of peat within the crater itself, along with that of nearby peat bogs, indicates that the crater was formed prior to deglaciation. If this is the case, then we can see this event occurring at some point around the Younger Dryas, about 12,000 years ago. During this time period, there seems to be a high amount of activity in regard to these events.

ARCTIC IMPACTS

One of the highest latitude impact craters known is the Haughton Impact Crater, situated at 75° north latitude on Devon Island in the far north area of Nunavut in Canada. Devon Island is the largest uninhabited island on our planet. Due to the many similarities found at the Haughton site in comparison with the terrain on Mars, the location has held importance since it was realized, and is commonly referred to by scientists as "Mars on Earth". Because of its location in frozen temperatures, the crater has been preserved quite well, with a minimal amount of weathering.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, or SETI program, as well as the Mars Institute, conduct the operations of their Haughton-Mars Project there. Some of the activities carried out there by these institutes include simulations and training exercises which mimic the living and working conditions on the planet Mars. The Mars Society also operates its Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station, or FMARS, from this important location.

The Arctic is a key region, since its land masses are located in the highest northern points on the planet, along with Russia. These areas contain the Boreal Forest, found on separate continents, which supports the theory that these land masses were at one point connected. Many notable hits have occurred in Siberia and in Russia, and as we have seen, in the regions of northern Canada.

Magnetic north, as proposed, seems to draw in materials much more than other areas on the planet, and there exists many magnetic anomalies in these northern regions. It is no surprise then that when I looked into the possibility of not only Hudson Bay being the site of an impact, but also the regions of Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and the Labrador Sea, that I found overwhelming proof and several examples of this.

I also discovered that in 1908, a book that was originally written by Jules Verne, a freemason and member of several secret societies, known for encrypting Masonic and Rosicrucian secrets within his works, was finally published. The book he had originally written in 1901, called “La Chasse au Météore”, was edited and added upon by his son Michel, and has become commonly known and translated as "The Chase for the Golden Meteor". This book was one of his last works and was not published until after his death in the edited format. This book contains many curious details and aspects which are relative to our own hunt. I believe this book holds many more secrets than people have come to realize.

Verne made two predictions within this book. The first was that the United States became a nation of 51 states, with a flag containing 51 stars, and that the country of Greenland became a fully independent sovereign nation state. It must be noted that the United States currently has 50 states, and if you count Washington DC, which is its own state, then you are left with the correctly predicted 51 states.

As for the second prediction, Greenland is currently under the rule of the monarchy through the Kingdom of Denmark, however it does have its own parliament and is slowly becoming more of an independent state. By the time this gets published, it may have already happened. Groups like the Inuit Ataqatigiit, Inuit Party, and Siumut, have been working to obtain Greenlandic sovereign independence since the time the book was written, and could happen within the next decade or so.

The Chase for the Golden Meteor tells the story of a scientist and inventor named Zephyrin Xirdal, who invents a ray that attempts to bring an asteroid made of gold out of earth's orbit, bringing it down to a location of his choosing. Since the meteor was made of gold, it was highly valuable and when it began to come closer and closer to the landing, many nations and the main characters of the story, two amateur astronomers, race to retrieve it. Their chase leads them up the Davis Strait and into Baffin Bay, in a small town on the western coast of Greenland called Upernavik.

In 1824, Viking ruins were found just outside of Upernavik and is known as the Kingittorsuaq Runestone. It dates to around the late 13th century and depicts runic characters left by Norsemen and the descendants of the Tribe of Dan, listing the names of three Norsemen and the construction of a nearby rock cairn. This small coastal arctic community has a population of 1055 people as of 2017, and is precisely in the global region where my hunt had led me in the non-fiction world. Perhaps there is more to the reason why Verne chose this area to be the landing zone of the golden meteor.

Just south of Upernavik, recent studies have shown that the worlds largest confirmed meteor impact site was there all long. This site is known as the Maniitsoq site, and has been an area of key interest for mining companies during the last few years. Located south of Baffin Bay on the shores of the Davis Strait, Maniitsoq is located about 160 kilometers north of Nuuk, the territory's capital.

In June of 2012, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) announced that the Maniitsoq site is the earth's oldest and biggest meteor impact. According to their findings, the meteor likely had a diameter of over 30 kilometers and hit the region around 3 billion years ago, making a crater approximately 100 kilometers wide. After the discovery, the GEUS stated bluntly, "If an impact of this size hit the Earth today, it would not only be able to pulverize a medium-sized nation state, but its global effects would also kill all higher life".

According to the chief geologist of North American Nickel Inc and the Exploration Syndicate John Pattison, “When people hear the words norite and impact, they immediately think of Sudbury...At Sudbury, the impact crater is preserved and most of the nickel deposits occur near the base of the crater because that’s where they ended up when the impact melted the crustal rocks. The impact at Maniitsoq is much older,” he added, saying “the crater has been completely eroded away, so we are deep beneath the impact. When the meteor hit Maniitsoq, it caused nickel-rich magma from the mantle to flow up into the crust. These nickel-rich magmas are preserved as the Greenland Norite Belt, which is the focus of our exploration program.” He summed it up by mentioning “the fact that it’s the world’s largest impact hopefully means we’re dealing with a big system.” An impact of that size would have surely broke apart land masses and it visibly shows the damage it likely caused on our current world map, giving support to my theory.

Another area of key interest is Disko Island, or Qeqertarsuaq in Greenlandic, and Diskoøen in Danish. This is where Eric the Red first recorded visiting at some point between 982 and 985 AD. Viking colonists used the island as a hunting and fishing camp after its discovery, although in essence it was rediscovered as the Inuit were there much longer than the Vikings. The island is located in Baffin Bay off the west coast of Greenland and although it is said that there is no evidence of a meteoric impact in the area, there are high amounts of iron and iron carbide in the area.

This iron is referred to as "native iron", meaning it was naturally formed; however, it could be that it is actually linked to the massive Maniitsoq impact, or part of a series of impacts that occurred. Indeed, a lump mixture of iron and iron carbide known as cohenite was discovered in a 22-ton mass lump, although this is claimed to be of native origin. This factor is interesting, as Disko Island has numerous hot springs and is one of the only places on the Earth where said "native" iron is found, and not linked to having a meteoric origin.

The Queen Elizabeth Islands in the extreme north of Canada, including Victoria Island, seems to show signs of several impacts as well. The Tunnunik impact crater is located in the high arctic on Victoria Island, and is a 45-kilometre-wide depression. It was recently discovered in 2010 by geologists Keith Dewing and Brian Pratt. The area has since been focused on by astronauts as the terrain resembles that of Mars.

Geologist Gordon Osinski of Western University in London, Ontario has done extensive research into the crater and says "We showed that Tunnunik is 28 kilometers in diameter, and that’s a big crater. Also, based on what we learned, we developed a formula that we used to improve the diameter estimates of quite a few other craters around the world.” Due to the various hot springs found at the site of the impact, Osinski has been avidly studying them, stating that "hot springs can be havens for microbial life in an otherwise harsh environment. They are where we think life on Earth may have originated — and where life may have got going on Mars too".

CHESAPEAKE BAY

The largest impact crater currently known and confirmed in the United States is the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater, which is located on the coastline of Virginia and in the municipality of Cape Charles. This is an interesting impact because due to the damage it caused on the shoreline, gradual sinking has occurred over time, proving that impacts cause the land around it to eventually collapse into the ocean or sea due to the fractures.

The devastation it has caused is still noticeable today. The Chesapeake Bay event was caused by a bolide that impacted during the late Eocene Epoch. Out of all of the marine impact or wet-target craters, it is one of the most well-preserved and was home to many Native American tribes before it was colonized by Europeans. Many interesting legends exist from around this area, many including otherworldly events and outlining metaphors of cosmic importance.

David Powars, one of the discoverers of the impact crater and a scientist for the United States Geological Survey, described the event by stating "within minutes, millions of tons of water, sediment, and shattered rock were cast high into the atmosphere for hundreds of miles along the East Coast." This was followed by a massive tsunami that likely reached all the way to the Blue Ridge Mountains, causing massive devastation to the area.

If this is correct, then portions of the eastern coast would have slipped into the sea, gradually reducing the shoreline to the shape it is in today. Another important thing to note here is that the Chesapeake impact has been linked as the source of the North American tektite fields of the Georgiaite and Bediasite fields. One thing we have been aware of for quite some time now is that many oil rigs and operations occur on continental coastlines, so it could very well be that these deposits are also the result of impacts.

An important question that comes to mind is that given all of these correlations, could it be that the oceans themselves were in fact created by the largest impact sites on the planet? Coastal regions seem to hold clues which seem to have been overlooked in the past but are worth mentioning here.

GULF OF MEXICO

Our search for evidence brings us south now, and although the Chicxulub K-T impact site is discussed in more depth in the Younger Dryas chapter, it is worth mentioning here. This impact event may have actually been larger than initially thought, with multiple impacts in the area, caused by the breaking apart of the incoming object before striking the earth. This may explain why the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea resemble impact sites, and a large crater was indeed discovered in the Gulf of Mexico at the Chicxulub site, among many others.

What is curious about this aspect is that there are pyramid and temple structures that were built on top of the Chicxulub Crater, in which some are buried under an ejecta blanket consisting of limestone melt rock. It is believed that this same limestone was ejected from under the Mediterranean Sea which led to the formation of the Ozarks. Extensive mining operations by companies such as Vale are under way in many of the areas close to the Chicxulub Crater site.

For the sake of historical respect in regard to referencing, this body of water will be referred to here as the Gulf of Mexico, despite the fact that the Trump government of the United States has attempted to rename it to the Gulf of America. This act seems to show that American colonization and expansion efforts have continued to occur, even to this modern day. It seems common for places of importance to be renamed due to political interests, especially when it comes to sacred sites and areas rich in mineral deposits and natural resources.

The shape of the Gulf of Mexico itself seems to clearly indicate that it is the site of a large impact zone. The damage caused by the impact was so large that it reaches up into the United States, forming the shorelines around Houston and Texas all the way to Florida, with the outer rim forming a wall of islands that is the Florida Keys.

Texas is home to the Odessa Crater, Marquez Crater, and the Sierra Madera Craters, to name a few, indicating that the area was indeed hit. In fact, if you take a look at the Texas Meteorite Map, it clearly shows a scattering of impacts emitting outward from the direction of the Gulf of Mexico. Perhaps the evidence already exists, and a portion of these will correlate to debris from the initial Gulf forming impact.

Florida is an important area in relation to this impact theory, as the keys and shape of the state seems to indicate it as being the edge of a crater. Many paleo sites with curious canals and mounds are scattered around the Tampa Bay area, with several warm mineral springs that are rich in deposits. Another interesting observation can be seen beneath the water surrounding the coasts of Florida and Georgia, where on Google Earth it looks like there are steps spiraling down into the deeper waters in certain areas.

Near the Texas shoreline, the rounded edge may indicate an impact not currently known or described. If so, then there are likely ruins to be found at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, if they have not been discovered already. It could be that these impacts, along with those in the arctic regions caused the separation of the original supercontinent when it was all connected, in turn separating North and South America from Europe, Africa and Asia. A series of impacts along the coastlines of these areas would indicate that the continental separation occurred as a direct result of impacts, forming the coastlines we see today.

CARIBBEAN SEA

There does exist sunken ruins off the coast of Cuba and the Bahamas in the Caribbean, which has been linked by some researchers with the strange and vast amounts of elliptical depressions that form the Carlonia Bays in the mid-Atlantic United States. Road systems and ancient structures spanning more than 10 acres have been discovered in the area, indicating that Cuba and the Bahamas may be the remains of a once larger land mass devastated by an impact event. The ruins have been called the "Sunken Ruins of Cuba", discovered during a joint Cuban and Canadian expedition led by Paulina Zelitsky and Paul Weinzweig.

In a long search which began in 1984 for signs of an impact in the area, professor of geoscience at the University of Calgary, Dr. Alan R. Hildebrand, eventually found what he was looking for. If a large asteroid were to have hit the ocean, massive waves would have been created which would have left behind evidence of such a violent reaction.

Hildebrand discovered this evidence in the Caribbean at two deep-water locations, where strange deposits were found resembling what would have happened after such an impact. His discovery led other researchers to visit the area, where features like the Big Boulder Bed in Cuba were studied. The Big Boulder Bed is a deposit build up that is 450 meters thick and contains large boulders up to 12 meters across.

According to Bruce Bohor of the Denver US Geological Survey, and Russell Seitz of Cambridge, Massachusetts, they believe that the Big Boulder Bed was the cause of an impact which occurred close to Cuba. This impact zone, according to Hildebrand, is located in the Colombian basin, 1000 kilometers south of Cuba. According to his research, seismic profiles depict a 300-kilometer buried structure, and the deposits around Cuba formed when the shockwave of the impact swept debris into a northern trench of Cuba.

Due to the political situation, it has been hard for American researchers to visit and study the area, however some samples obtained by Hildebrand from the southern peninsula of Haiti contain shocked quartz, an excess of iridium, and "glassy teardrops" that range in size up to a centimeter in diameter. These tektites, according to Hildebrand, are evidence of an impact occurring approximately 1000 kilometers away.

The Haitian deposits were discovered by Florentin Maurrasse from the Florida International University in Miami, who originally believed they were of volcanic in origin. After closer inspection however, he states that the Haitian deposits are similar to that of impact debris. These observations seem to lend evidence to support that the oceans are indeed actually large impact sites, with evidence of cataclysmic flooding and large mineral deposits found all over this region of the world.

EUROPEAN IMPACTS

If you look at our world map, Europe to the north and Africa to the south seems to fit perfectly within the sculpted shorelines of North and South America. It truly is a perfectly fitting puzzle, and we see that at parallels all across the globe, essentially the same weather and terrain exist.

It is also notable that similar animal species exist in these specific regions continents apart, and if we draw a straight line across the map from east to west at any latitude, we can expect to see a similar climate spanning the globe. The Boreal in northern Canada is the same as northern Russia and Europe, and countries around the equator are warmer with more desert areas, and both of the poles share frigid cold climates.

I believe that all land masses found on the Earth that are separated by the great oceans were at one time connected, therefore we can begin to see how large asteroids, some the size of countries themselves, could have smashed apart the original land masses, brought water, elements, and life to the Earth, and these events may have separated different groups of people.

I believe that some of these impacts may have occurred in much more recent times than what has been traditionally proposed, and an event like this could have been responsible for the ending of a technologically advanced civilization that existed during those times. If this is true, then the first colonists of the earth were aliens, and are our root ancestors. The Atlantis chapter deals with this concept in greater detail.

As previously mentioned, it seems that a majority of impact activity on a global scale seems to have occurred within the northern latitude above the equator, along the shorelines of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, with many impact events in the northeastern regions of Canada. If the original supercontinent was split in half by asteroid impacts, then it would make sense that the western shorelines of the continents of Europe and Africa would also show signs of shattering or impacts.

And this is true in regard to Europe, in the north, and as mentioned previously, due to a lack of impact activity in the southern hemisphere there is less signs of this happening, which is precisely true and exactly what we see. Just as in North and South America, only the north has been predominantly hit. So too, on the other side of the Atlantic, and on its connecting side, we see water filled holes in the Earth that seem to be exclusive to only these parts in western Europe.

Getting back to the Bering Land Bridge between Alaska and Russia, at one time Russia was connected to North America, indicating that the Earth may have been much smaller at one time, and the damage caused by these impacts caused the Earth to grow and expand due to heightened volcanic activity and glacial activity, from debris and fragments brought up into the air from the collisions. These impacts may be the cause of the fractures that created the tectonic plates, which perhaps was more solid at one time as well.

The largest impact crater in Europe is found in Dalarna, Sweden, and is known as Lake Siljan. This lake forms the south-eastern portion of the Siljan Ring, and is 32 miles in diameter. Lake Dellen, also in Sweden, is part of the formation of a round lake system consisting of the Northern and Southern Dellen, and contains tagamite and dellenite rocks, which are likely named after this lake in which it was originally discovered in.

Other notable craters in Europe include the Meteor Craters in Hérault, France, the Mjølnir Structure located north of Norway, and the Kaali Meteorite Crater Field on Saaremaa Island in Estonia, which is a sacred site where archaeologists uncovered a stone wall dating to the late Bronze Age. Some other lakes caused by impacts in Europe are Lake Sääksjärvi in Satakunta, Finland, and near the border of Finland, Lake Jänisjärvi in Karelia, Russia, and Lake Kara-Kul in the Pamir Mountain Range in Tajikistan, more commonly referred to as the "Black Lake".

It is highly likely that the large mountain ranges we see all over the earth are actually the outer rim of impact sites, where large masses of minerals and debris fused and uplifted the earth. It could be said that the valleys found within some of the mountain ranges may be the landing sites of some of these impacts.

THE NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS

The Silverpit Crater is also thought by some scientists to be a large impact location, located in a sub-sea structure off the coast of Great Britain and buried under the North Sea. Currently, scientists are investigating aspects of this crater, including evidence of a large tsunami which struck near the surrounding areas, but according to the mainstream view at this point in time, no signs have been reportedly found or agreed upon to make this confirmation.

There are several other large seas, straits, and gulfs found throughout Europe with evidence of meteoric activity being involved with their formation. The Baltic Sea, which has been heavily polluted due to municipal and industrial wastes that flow from rivers into the sea, contains many craters and evidence of impact events. The sea is polluted as a result of the many countries that surround its shorelines, including the North and Central European Plain, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, and Russia. There are also impact sites in nearly all of these countries.

A group of eight meteorite craters are located on Saaremaa Island, known as the Kaali Järv Craters, and are located about 20 kilometers northeast (note: always northeast) of the town of Kingisepp, Estonia. The largest of these craters measures 333 feet and has a rim which rises between 20 to 23 feet above the surrounding area. The Neugrund Crater is an 8-kilometer impact site located at the bottom of the Baltic Sea and has been proposed to have occurred during the Ordovician meteor event.

This idea proposes that a large asteroid transferred directly into a resonant orbit with the planet Jupiter, which in turn changed its orbit and eventually collided with the Earth. Indeed, many Estonian and Finnish mythology and folklore tales have meteoric involvement associated with iron making and trade, and there are many crater sites in the Baltics.

Also in Estonia is the Kärdla Crater, named after the town that it is located in. It is 4 kilometers in diameter and has been associated with the breakup of a 100-kilometer asteroid that hit the earth in fragments, some ending up in Sweden, which has several notable impact craters including Tvaren, Lockne, Malingen, and Granby, to name a few of them.

More recently, a newly confirmed crater, known as the Hummeln Structure, is located in the Småland province and is a 1.2-kilometer depression found within Lake Hummeln. It was first described in 1826 and thought to have been formed from volcanic activity. Just as with other impact sites, it left behind a depression forming a lake and body of water.

THE BLACK SEA

In December of 2012, many people witnessed a meteor explode over the sky above the Black Sea. Just as with the North and Baltic Seas, the Black Sea has no shortage of evidence of impact events. There is evidence of several impacts occurring in Ukraine, located on the coast of the Black Sea.

The Obolon crater has been proposed by geophysicist David Rowley at the University of Chicago to be part of a large multiple impact event in where fragments of the asteroid formed the Manicouagan crater in northern Quebec, the Saint Martin crater in Manitoba, the Red Wing Crater in North Dakota, and the Rochechouart crater in France. He states that the likelihood of these sites being aligned in the way they are due to chance is nearly zero.

Other notable impact sites around the Black Sea are the Boltysh crater, the Ternovka crater in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast if Ukraine, which is 11 kilometers in diameter, the Rotmistrovka crater near the Smila district of Ukraine, the Zapadnaya or Bilylivka crater, which is situated on the northwestern part of the Ukrainian crystalline shield, and the Zeleny Gai crater. None of these craters are exposed at the surface and it is indeed curious that such a large number of sites are found in the same area of the sea.

Located to the northeast of the Black Sea is a smaller body of water known as the Sea of Azov in Russia. A 16 mile, or 25-kilometer crater is located nearby called the Kamensk Impact Crater, which is found to the south of the town of Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is believed that the Kamensk crater was formed about the same time as the Gusev crater, which is located in close enough proximity.

Another site in the region of the Black Sea is located in Romania, at the site of Orheiul Vechi near the city of Orkhey, as well as a possible impact crater that was discovered in 1960 known as Oraselul Copiilor, near the city of Oradea. Just as with North America, it seems the areas in the northern hemisphere have the most evidence of impact sites.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

The largest sea with European shorelines is the Mediterranean Sea, which divides and separates Europe from Africa. It is the most historic sea in the region, being used for millennia by various empires such as that of the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and the Romans. The Mediterranean Sea is quite a large sea, spanning over 2,500,000 square kilometers and has been an important location for maritime activity and trade throughout its history.

The Strait of Gibraltar leads into the Mediterranean, and was formed by two meteor impacts, one located at the western end of the Mediterranean, forming a land bridge between Spain and Morocco, which is evidenced to have entered to no surprise, from the north to northeast. The second impact formed part of the Mid Atlantic Ridge out to the Azores Plateau in the North Atlantic, and additional sites seem to indicate other impacts that could have shaped the sea.

The historic templar island of Malta, known for its history involving the Knights of St. John, the Moors and the Romans, the French and the British, also shows significant evidence of impacts. Because it is an island in the Mediterranean, it may be a fragment of the once solid land mass that existed there. It is traditionally believed that the Mediterranean was formed due to flooding, as it filled in when the Gibraltar Strait broke from volcanic activity, perhaps caused by the meteoric impacts evidenced there.

Despite this, and for being such a small land mass, Malta seems to hold some secrets. There is electromagnetic anomalies found in the area of Malta, and an abundance of craters called the Malta Crater Bays. Fascinating geological features are found on the coasts of Malta and its surrounding islands. It seems that multiple craters have been found on the sea floor around Malta and Gozo, which formed what many scientists refer to as sinkholes. Some notable formations around Malta include the Crater Cave, Black Lagoon Dwejra, Blue Hole Dwejra, Bahrija, Pembroke Beach, Il-Maqluba, and many circular bays that are formed in Malta.

There are also anomalies known as Micro Craters that exist on the island, found near Grey Rock, which have been associated with electromagnetic anomalies. There are literally hundreds of various micro craters, some which are flat and others bowl shaped. It could very well be that these micro-craters were formed from the splash of debris caused by a large impact in the region. The debris could have peppered the surrounding area, as noticed by other places around the world that share these similar characteristics.

THE LONE WOLF ISLANDS

The "Lone Wolf Islands" is the term I came up with when referring to the only notable group of islands off the coasts of the continents of South America and Africa. These islands stick out like sore thumbs and are keys to unlocking the mystery, adding compelling evidence to this theory.

Currently, these continents have one sizeable island companion, and these are Madagascar off the coast of Africa, and the Falkland Islands off the southern coast of South America. These two continents are located south of the equator, another key point in the overall bigger picture of things. Because these two islands are literal anomalies sitting right in front of our eyes, they are worth investigating as we reach our conclusion.

The continents of South America and Africa are rather large, and one would think there would be more islands around the vast distances of their shorelines, but on our world map, there are only two. Each continent has one, sort of like how our earth only has one moon. While most other areas of the world have clusters or several large islands off the coast, these places are limited in that department. This must be an important piece to the puzzle, due to the size of this area on the earth, and the fact that there are so few land masses off the coast of these places located in the southern hemisphere.

My theory is that at some point in time during one of the supercontinent phases, South America and Africa were located well above the equator when they were originally connected. After the massive impact event that separated them took place, the coastal fractures eventually eroded into the ocean. If this is true, then it would mean the event would have had to have taken place much longer than most evidenced on Earth. At one point there were likely many islands off the coast, but over time they all became victim to sea levels rising and erosion.

With a quick glance at Madagascar on the map, one can tell it looks out of place and is a location with many unique characteristics. It is a large island nation off the eastern coast of Africa, known for the thousands of species of wildlife found there, in which the popular cartoon movies made light of. What becomes apparent is that it looks as though it were fractured off of Africa at some point and is curiously the only large land mass off of the eastern and western coasts of the continent.

It is likely that an impact caused it to break off from its parent at some point in the past. Just as with South America, the only islands off of any of its coasts are the tiny Falkland Islands, indicating that South America has seen minimal impact damage around the shores, just as seen in Africa. Fractures in the earth, depending how close they are to the shoreline of its surrounding oceans, seem to chip off and crack away over time, as water erodes the material around it, causing it to widen leading to its eventual separation.

As I have explained, this seems to have occurred predominantly in the northern hemisphere and clearly evidenced according to our current world map. However, if the Earth was completely solid at one time as I believe it may have been, then significant impacts may have caused the oceans to form, bringing with them ice which melted over time during glaciation periods, giving our planet its water systems and its ability to support life.

The northwestern tip of Madagascar looks sculped and circular, indicating possible impact damage near the islands of Mayotte and Comoros. This currently unnamed circular sea seems a very likely candidate for an impact area, although no research or exploration has been done in this area to support evidence for this, at least that I am currently aware of. The circular shapes and cutout area is precisely the type of geological shoreline structures one looks for when discovering possible impact sites, and it is a good bet that something will be found there, or a bit further north of this area at least, in the near future.

Burckle Crater lies buried on the ocean floor about 1500 kilometers off the eastern coast of Madagascar, and was named after Columbia University professor Dr. Lloyd Burckle. This crater is considered to be a younger impact event, occurring less than 6000 years ago, in the time frame of around 3000 BC. The underwater crater is 30 kilometers wide and lies beneath the surface of the ocean at a depth of 12,500 feet. When it splashed down it must have caused large tsunamis and flooded coastal communities within the vicinity of the impact. There is evidence of this in Madagascar, where four enormous chevrons exist.

Chevrons are sediment deposits which are wedge shaped, made of condensed material from the ocean floor. Each of these four chevrons are large enough to cover the area of Manhattan twice, forming sediment over 300 meters deep. These deposits contain microfossils that have been fused with metals typically formed by cosmic impact events. These chevrons point in one direction, and that direction is the middle of the Indian Ocean, where the Burckle Crater hit the sea.

A group of scientists studying the chevrons known as the Holocene Impact Working Group (HIWG), claim that most astronomers doubt that any large comets or asteroids have impacted the earth within the timeframe of the last 10,000 years, however the evidence seems to prove otherwise. This group has calculated that instead of an event of this magnitude occurring once in 500,000 to one million years, according to modern astronomers' calculations, these cataclysmic impact events could actually happen once every 1000 years.

According to the HIWG, astronomers look to the sky, but the evidence is on earth, all along the worlds shorelines and found within the deep ocean. Indeed, much of the ocean floor has yet to be discovered and investigated thoroughly, as it is the most difficult area to explore next to the interior of an active volcano. It has even been said by scientists that it is much easier to explore the Moon than it is the depths of the oceanic abyss.

FALKLAND ISLANDS

Now that we have discussed impacts near the largest of the Lone Wolf Islands, let us investigate the Falkland Islands, for recent discoveries seem to correlate exactly with the ideas and theory I have presented here.

Max Rocca and fellow researchers from the Argentina Planetary Society have uncovered evidence of a colossal crater northwest of the Falkland Islands, proposed to be up to 250 kilometers in diameter and dating back to around 250 million years ago. Although much more research needs to be done in the area, their findings were published in an article in the journal of Terra Nova. This underwater crater, once confirmed, will be the second largest crater on the earth, rivaling the one in Sudbury and possibly linked to the extinction event known as the Great Dying.

This underwater depression was discovered not by the theory I have presented here, but because of the decrease in the strength of the earth's gravity over that section of the Atlantic Ocean. There are also noticeable magnetic anomalies in the area similar to that found at the Chicxulub crater to the north in Mexico, and therefore there may be a connection relating to these magnetic anomalies at similar sites found around the world.

These Researchers oppose the original contention that the anomalies were caused by volcanic activity, claiming that if it was due to volcanic activity, then the opposite of what they observed and recorded would occur. In many instances, it seems as though the cause of these sites is hotly debated, and often we see an active attempt to discredit anyone attempting to suggest that some of these locations were caused by cosmic events.

In my opinion, there is a clear attempt to guard the secrets relating to the cosmos in order to disconnect humanity away from the source of our likely origin, and that is from outer space. Michael Rampino from New York University, a co-author of a related study said, "If the proposed crater turns out to be 250 million years old, it could correlate with the largest mass extinction ever – the Permian extinctions, which wiped out more than 90 percent of all species".

In order to find out more information, researchers say that future drilling is a must in order to gain new insight into this region. A crater that size would have caused massive devastation across shorelines and caused the separation of the Falklands from the mainland of South America in Argentina, perhaps around the area of Puerto Deseado and Puerto San Julián.

Currently, no drilling or intensive investigations have taken place to update the record.

MARIANA METEOR

To the east of the Philippines, near the island of Guam is the Mariana Trench, also referred to as Mariana's Trench. This earth feature is the deepest part of any ocean in the world, plummeting down over 11,035 meters below sea level. The Mariana Trench is deeper than Mount Everest is high, and all around this deep hole in the ocean floor is evidence of a massive impact event. The trench is home to many alien looking species of marine life and has remained one of the oceans biggest mysteries because humans cannot dive that deep to explore it.

Many species of marine life remain undiscovered in the trench, as does its geological features. There could very well be the world's largest asteroid down there, currently undiscovered or kept hush. Due to the size and circular features of the trench, I believe it may be linked to the formation of Indonesia, and in fact the island strip of Indonesia could be the outer rim of the impact. If so, then the asteroid that impacted the earth to create the pit of the trench must have been the size of Mexico or Algeria. This would make it the world's largest impact crater, and spans the entirety of the Philippine Sea, the largest sea on our planet.

If the Philippine Sea, and Mariana's Trench are the result of a single impact event, then let's call it the Mariana Meteor. This would have caused the biggest flood in the history of our planet, as well as the separation of Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, and Indonesia from continental Asia. This separation would explain the fragmenting and circular shape found in the Philippine islands, Indonesia, and the outer coast of Japan. This event shaped the Asian coastline, making Australia the only "Lone Continent".

This area in the quadrant of our map deserves special attention, as it is generally a southern region showing impact evidence, however we can see how the land masses originated to the north prior to these cataclysmic events. It all seems to fit together like pieces to a giant geographical puzzle, yet despite how visually obvious the evidence for this is, it has yet to be agreed upon by modern scientists and historians.

It would seem that the South China Sea and Sea of Japan are likely the sites of an impact event as well, in which evidence is found in the submerged megalithic ruins off the coasts of Japan, the most famous of these being the Yonaguni Monument. Perhaps the evidence of these submerged cities was mostly destroyed as a result of the impact which separated Japan from China.

This would have had to have occurred after the initial Mariana Meteor impact, when Australia and Indonesia were already broken apart from Asia, leaving its shoreline fractured. A second impact would have caused Japan to become its own island which is why there are ruins found on the ocean floor in that precise area, in the strip of islands between the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea.

Many craters exist in China including the country's first confirmed impact structure, known as the Xiuyan Impact Crater, the Shanghewan Impact Crater, and the Duolun Meteorite Crater in Mongolia, to name a few. The South China Sea is our area of interest however, as there is evidence to support that an impact in the sea did in fact occur. An event which likely separated Japan from China at some point in the past.

The South China Sea contains peak concentrations of microtektites, which as we know appear from impact events. This indicates that large impacts occurred in Indochina, and a report by Meng-Yang Le and Kuo-Yen Wei from the Department of Geosciences at the National Taiwan University, which was written all the way back in 2000, supports some evidence for this.

The angle of the impact, entering from the northwest as described by the geoscientists from Taiwan, seems to correlate with the force required to separate the land masses from the modern China shoreline, and the geographic extent of the Australasian tektite strewn field that occurred as a result of the impact seems to seal the deal.

IMPACTS DOWN UNDER

Based off the evidence that Australia was broken off from Asia, we can then begin to piece together the impact events which broke pieces off of Australia, forming the various islands that surround the continent.

At some point after Australia's separation, according to our world map, it seems that an impact occurred somewhere between Papua New Guinea and Australia, as well as Indonesia, and obviously the large one that separated New Zealand. There is other evidence which seems to support all of this. There are over 30 known impact sites in Australia alone, including the famous Lake Acraman in Gawler Ranges, which created a 55-mile-wide crater and disturbing rocks up to 95 miles away. There is also the Boxhole, Strangways, Wolfe Creek, Tabban and Shoemaker craters, to name a few of the more well-known ones.

Our main focus, however, lies off the coasts of Australia, specifically within the areas of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and the Tasman, Arafura, and Timor Seas. These bodies of water separate the nations of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand from their parent continent of Australia, and are therefore of most importance to our investigation.

New Zealand is actually part of a larger mass known as Zealandia and is considered a submerged country. Portions of the island are underwater, perhaps making it a younger impact event that occurred, which separated it from its parent continent. Tektites have been found directly in the sea that separates New Zealand from Australia, known as the Tasman Sea.

A crater was discovered after the detection of the tektites and has been named after the Māori god of fire, Mahuika. The Mahuika Crater was discovered in the Tasman Sea by marine biologist Dallas Abbott from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University in 2003, and he has done extensive work and research at other similar sites. Mahuika is an impact crater that spans 20 kilometers wide and is over 500 feet deep. Its location lies south of the Snares, on what is referred to as the New Zealand continental shelf.

There is debate over when this impact occurred, however it is generally considered to be a rather recent event, happening within the timeframe of 1443 to February 13th, 1491, AD. This timeframe was narrowed down based on a combination of the observations of the Aborigines that witnessed it, as well as verified scientific evidence. This is a combo that is used throughout many subjects found within this book, proving that ancient civilizations were often stunningly accurate in their descriptions, with scientific proof to back up these legends.

A crater ranging between 50 and 100 kilometers was recently discovered on the seafloor of the Timor Sea, which separates Indonesia from Australia. This discovery was announced in May of 2010, and may have been what caused the initial separation of Indonesia from Australia. Indonesia, if you recall, seems to form the rim of the massive Mariana impact that initially separated Australia from Asia. Indonesia was still attached to Australia at this time, but it seems that impacts carved out the Timor Sea which caused further fragmentation and separation. It is believed that the Timor Sea impact event may have caused a period of climatic change, resulting in a cooling period approximately 35 million years ago.

There seems to be multiple impacts that have separated Indonesian New Guinea from Australia. The shape of the Arafura Sea is comparable to most coastal impact sites, and therefore there may be evidence to be found there, although to my current knowledge there has been no discoveries made.

There is evidence however, of a single multiple impact event that may have aided in or caused the separation of New Guinea from Australia, which has also been evidenced by Dallas Abbott. She has discovered the signs of a dual impact in the Gulf of Carpentaria, a meteor she believes broke apart just before plunging into the sea.

Sea level changes were revealed through satellite measurements showing signs of impact craters on the seabed floor. One of these proposed craters is about 11 miles, or 18 kilometers wide, and she believes that the original object must have been around 600 meters, or 2000 feet across before it broke apart and connected. The V-shaped sand dunes and chevrons along the coast of the Carpentaria Gulf seems to be evidence of the tsunami that came rolling in after impact.

Abott and the team of researchers also believe that during the time that the Roman Empire was collapsing in Europe, the Aboriginies in the area seem to have witnessed and documented the event which has been demonstrated by rock art that has been discovered, depicting the double impact event. Duane Hamacher, a Ph.D. student from Sydney's Macquarie University, has demonstrated that the stories of the Australian Aboriginal people can be used as a method of discovering unknown meteorite craters due to their accuracy.

"Numerous examples of fiery stars falling from the sky and striking the earth, causing death and destruction, are found throughout Aboriginal Dreamings [spiritual folk stories] across Australia," Hamacher revealed. He has also had luck discovering a new crater by using some of these Aboriginal stories with the aid of Google Earth to reveal its location. This crater, located in Palm Valley in the Northern Territory of Australia, proves that there is more to cultural mythology than meets the eye.

Several climate changes correlate to impact events, such as those found during the Holocene epoch, which began about 11,500 years ago lasting up until our present day. Abbott claims, "I think we're getting very close to being able to show there were a lot of impacts in the last 10,000 years," and the records do seem to show that there have been hundreds, if not thousands of seriously devastating impacts throughout the entire history of the earth, shaping and sculpting the planet that we know today.

IN CONCLUSION

Upon a glance at the map of the earth, it seems apparent that at one point in time it all fit together, like a giant puzzle that was slowly, or during intervals, taken apart by impacts. These intervals likely correlate to orbit paths of debris which align with earth's own orbital path. The shorelines of the continents of the world indicate that at one point the masses of land were joined together but were broken apart by several larger than previously considered impact events. With pun intended, it seems like it's nobody's fault but our own for overlooking this apparent fact.

When I began this investigation, I had a simple theory that a few of the bodies of water on earth were formed by impact events and to my surprise, every single one of them seems to show evidence of this. This led me to further conclusions and evidence to support this, theory, happening on a much larger scale than what is currently accepted and documented as fact. The slow process of continental drift caused by impacts which broke apart continents in the past seems to be a probable explanation, and the patterns found in land masses and island systems seem to show the evidence of this.

The shorelines of nearly all places on the planet that were once connected match up perfectly and is quite apparent, however, it is the regions that don't seem to line up right that are worth investigating further. Missing portions of shorelines, fragmentation, and scattered islands are sure signs of damaging impact events, especially when they form crests and circular shapes where several islands exist in a precise pattern on the outer rim. These specific regions should be studied in depth.

We have discovered and uncovered a large amount of these instances, however there are still so many remaining to explore and confirm. At least we know now where to focus our attention, and what geological formations to look for, narrowing down the search considerably. It seems so obvious that our planet is the target of many earth-changing impact events, yet it seems it's so hard for the mainstream to admit this and realize it as actual fact. The confirmation of this would change the view we have of our planet and explain so many things in relation to these matters.

The reason why so much of the dating of these sites could be in error is because for a time, stratigraphic dating was one of the only methods used when it was the only one available. Essentially, early geologists dug down through several layers to arrive at certain timelines to be able to put forth an approximate date. However, if an impact site was dated in this way, not knowing it was actually a crater, then the depression caused by the crater would in turn result in a much older date. This makes perfect sense.

Digging at the surface down results in a certain timeframe. However, digging at the surface down from the bowl shape or depression of an impact crater would obviously result in an older timeframe, resulting in an inaccurate conclusion. Perhaps this is how some errors in the dating of sites have occurred over time, making it important for new researchers to re-analyze these locations, in order to confirm more precise, conclusive, and relevant results. Only then I believe we can fully understand what happened, and piece together a truthful timeline of our history.

If we can agree that asteroids are the cause of the current positions and history of the formation of earth's land masses, then it might be possible to properly date when this fragmentation occurred and arrive at a more appropriate and precise paleogeographic timeline. In other words, if we know that Australia was once attached to Asia, it must have occurred prior to the submerged continent of Zealandia, or New Zealand being separated from Australia by a second asteroid hit, in which we can build an accurate timeline and sequence of events.

The evidence presented here may also indicate that our world oceans are in fact entirely composed of impact craters, and I say this because a vast majority of craters that are found on the continents themselves are actually lakes formed by smaller impacts. The much larger ones, some being as big as countries themselves, carved out the original supercontinent to form the large bodies of oceans and the continents we see today. The small islands and broken pieces slowly eroding and breaking down to form the sediment on top of the underlying crust of the earth.

These impacts would also explain the many extinctions, climate changes, and floods documented by countless civilizations in our past. Perhaps the large tsunamis in Indonesia and Japan in recent years, or floods like New Orleans, are in fact caused by asteroids slamming into the ocean, but the gatekeepers are just keeping quiet about it to avoid causing a panic. Or perhaps we are on our way toward another era of bombardment by cosmic debris. It's worth a thought and consideration at least.

To put it simply and to sum things up, the simple concept of a rain puddle seems to be a fitting metaphor in retrospect to everything. If there is a pit, hole, curve, or crater on the ground, you can be sure that if it rained overtop of the ground in that area, it would eventually fill up with water creating a body of water which we call a puddle. On a larger scale, lakes and other isolated bodies of water are like pits formed by bolide impacts, and eventually these craters will fill with water over time.

I believe that many of the sites we discussed in this chapter were actually formed by impacts in the past, and I suspect that one day the scientific community will finally come to realize and admit this.

SOURCES

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